Impact of Air Pollution on Health
student poltekkes malang prodi lawangtask presentation
by: ade rama
In Indonesia, a motor vehicle is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. According to the World Bank, within a period of 6 years from 1995 to 2001 there is a growing number of motor vehicles in Indonesia for almost 100%. Most of the motor vehicle's exhaust emissions are bad, either due to inadequate treatment or from the use of fuels with poor quality (eg levels of lead / Pb is high). Jakarta World Bank also put into one of the cities with higher levels of pollutants / particulates highest after Beijing, New Delhi and Mexico City. Air pollution that occurs is potentially interfere with health. According to rough calculations from the World Bank in 1994 to take on the case of Jakarta, if the concentration of particulate matter (PM) can be derived according to WHO standards, is expected to decline each year: 1400 cases of premature death; 2000 cases treated at the hospital, 49 000 visits to emergency emergency; 600 000 asthma attacks; 124 000 cases of bronchitis in children; 31 million respiratory disease symptoms and increased efficiency of 7.6 million working days lost due to respiratory disease - a number of very significant from the standpoint of public health. From the economic side of health financing (health cost) due to air pollution in Jakarta is estimated to reach nearly 220 million dollars in 1999.
Mechanism of occurrence of health problems from air pollution in general
1. The onset of inflammatory reactions / inflammation in the lungs, for example due to PM or ozone.
2. Formation of free radicals / oxidative stress, such as PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons).
3. Covalent modification of critical intracellular proteins such as enzymes that work in the body.
4. Biological components that induce inflammation / inflammatory and immune system disorders, such as glucan and endotoxin groups.
5. Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system that regulates and nosioreseptor the heart and respiratory tract.
6. Adjuvant effect (not directly activate the immune system) to the immune system, such as transition metal group and DEP / diesel exhaust particulate.
7. Procoagulant effects that can interfere with blood circulation and facilitates the spread of pollutants throughout the body, such as ultrafine PM.
8. Lower the body's normal defense system (eg by pressing a function of alveolar macrophages in the lung).
Effect of air pollution on the health of the short and long term
Short-term exposure
1. Hospital care, visits to the ER or a regular doctor visits, due to diseases associated with respiration (breathing) and cardiovascular.
2. Reduction in daily activities due to illness
3. The number of absences (work or school)
4. Acute symptoms (cough, tightness, respiratory tract infections)
5. Physiological changes (such as lung function and blood pressure)
Long-term exposure
1. Deaths due to respiratory disease / respiratory and cardiovascular
2. The increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic lung disease (asthma, chronic lung disease osbtruktif)
3. Impaired growth and development of the fetus
4. Cancer
Specific air pollutants that affect the health of many
A. Particulate Matter (PM)
Epidemiological studies in humans and in animal models showed PM10 (including diesel particulate matter originating from / DEP) has great potential for tissue damage. Epidemiological data show an increase in mortality and exacerbations / attacks that require hospital treatment not only in patients with lung disease (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia), but also in patients with cardiovascular disease / heart disease and diabetes. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of particulates / pollutants, so that in areas with traffic density / high air pollution is usually a respiratory disease morbidity (in children and the elderly) and heart disease / cardiovascular (the elderly) increased significantly. Further studies in animals indicate that PM may lead to pulmonary and systemic inflammation and cause damage to the endothelium of blood vessels (vascular endothelial dysfunction) that trigger the process atheroskelosis and myocardial infarction / coronary heart disease. Greater exposure in the long run can also trigger the formation of cancer (lung, or leukemia) and fetal death. Recent studies with follow-up of nearly 11 years showed that exposure to pollutants (including PM10) also can reduce lung function even in the normal population which has not happened yet respiratory symptoms that interfere with the activity.
2. Ozone
Ozone is a photochemical oxidant important in trofosfer. Formed by photochemical reaction with the help of other pollutants such as NOx, and volatile organic compounds. Short-term exposure / induces an acute inflammatory / inflammation of the lungs and interfere with lung function and cardiovascular defense. Long-term exposure can induce the occurrence of asthma, even lung fibrosis. Epidemiological studies in humans show that high ozone exposure can increase the number of exacerbations / asthma attacks.
3. NOx and SOx
NOx and SOx are co-pollutants are also quite important. One of which is formed from the imperfect combustion of fossil fuels. Epidemiological research indicates exposure to NO2, SO2 and CO increased mortality / mortality from cardio-pulmonary disease (heart and lungs) and increasing numbers of hospital treatment due to these diseases.
In Indonesia, a motor vehicle is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. According to the World Bank, within a period of 6 years from 1995 to 2001 there is a growing number of motor vehicles in Indonesia for almost 100%. Most of the motor vehicle's exhaust emissions are bad, either due to inadequate treatment or from the use of fuels with poor quality (eg levels of lead / Pb is high). Jakarta World Bank also put into one of the cities with higher levels of pollutants / particulates highest after Beijing, New Delhi and Mexico City. Air pollution that occurs is potentially interfere with health. According to rough calculations from the World Bank in 1994 to take on the case of Jakarta, if the concentration of particulate matter (PM) can be derived according to WHO standards, is expected to decline each year: 1400 cases of premature death; 2000 cases treated at the hospital, 49 000 visits to emergency emergency; 600 000 asthma attacks; 124 000 cases of bronchitis in children; 31 million respiratory disease symptoms and increased efficiency of 7.6 million working days lost due to respiratory disease - a number of very significant from the standpoint of public health. From the economic side of health financing (health cost) due to air pollution in Jakarta is estimated to reach nearly 220 million dollars in 1999.
Mechanism of occurrence of health problems from air pollution in general
1. The onset of inflammatory reactions / inflammation in the lungs, for example due to PM or ozone.
2. Formation of free radicals / oxidative stress, such as PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons).
3. Covalent modification of critical intracellular proteins such as enzymes that work in the body.
4. Biological components that induce inflammation / inflammatory and immune system disorders, such as glucan and endotoxin groups.
5. Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system that regulates and nosioreseptor the heart and respiratory tract.
6. Adjuvant effect (not directly activate the immune system) to the immune system, such as transition metal group and DEP / diesel exhaust particulate.
7. Procoagulant effects that can interfere with blood circulation and facilitates the spread of pollutants throughout the body, such as ultrafine PM.
8. Lower the body's normal defense system (eg by pressing a function of alveolar macrophages in the lung).
Effect of air pollution on the health of the short and long term
Short-term exposure
1. Hospital care, visits to the ER or a regular doctor visits, due to diseases associated with respiration (breathing) and cardiovascular.
2. Reduction in daily activities due to illness
3. The number of absences (work or school)
4. Acute symptoms (cough, tightness, respiratory tract infections)
5. Physiological changes (such as lung function and blood pressure)
Long-term exposure
1. Deaths due to respiratory disease / respiratory and cardiovascular
2. The increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic lung disease (asthma, chronic lung disease osbtruktif)
3. Impaired growth and development of the fetus
4. Cancer
Specific air pollutants that affect the health of many
A. Particulate Matter (PM)
Epidemiological studies in humans and in animal models showed PM10 (including diesel particulate matter originating from / DEP) has great potential for tissue damage. Epidemiological data show an increase in mortality and exacerbations / attacks that require hospital treatment not only in patients with lung disease (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia), but also in patients with cardiovascular disease / heart disease and diabetes. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of particulates / pollutants, so that in areas with traffic density / high air pollution is usually a respiratory disease morbidity (in children and the elderly) and heart disease / cardiovascular (the elderly) increased significantly. Further studies in animals indicate that PM may lead to pulmonary and systemic inflammation and cause damage to the endothelium of blood vessels (vascular endothelial dysfunction) that trigger the process atheroskelosis and myocardial infarction / coronary heart disease. Greater exposure in the long run can also trigger the formation of cancer (lung, or leukemia) and fetal death. Recent studies with follow-up of nearly 11 years showed that exposure to pollutants (including PM10) also can reduce lung function even in the normal population which has not happened yet respiratory symptoms that interfere with the activity.
2. Ozone
Ozone is a photochemical oxidant important in trofosfer. Formed by photochemical reaction with the help of other pollutants such as NOx, and volatile organic compounds. Short-term exposure / induces an acute inflammatory / inflammation of the lungs and interfere with lung function and cardiovascular defense. Long-term exposure can induce the occurrence of asthma, even lung fibrosis. Epidemiological studies in humans show that high ozone exposure can increase the number of exacerbations / asthma attacks.
3. NOx and SOx
NOx and SOx are co-pollutants are also quite important. One of which is formed from the imperfect combustion of fossil fuels. Epidemiological research indicates exposure to NO2, SO2 and CO increased mortality / mortality from cardio-pulmonary disease (heart and lungs) and increasing numbers of hospital treatment due to these diseases.
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